Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) are the most commonly used sample pre-treatment methods for the isolation and/or enrichment of chlorobenzenes. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is an alternative preconcentration method for aqueous samples in which analytes partition between the stationary phase on a SPME fibre and the sample is achieved after equilibrium. An interesting and recently introduced alternative to traditional extraction techniques is liquid-phase microextraction (LPME), which is based on the miniaturisation of the traditional liquid-liquid extraction method by greatly reducing the solvent to aqueous ratio. This is performed by using a single-drop of organic solvent or a small length of porous hollow fiber-protected solvent.

Headspace single-drop microextraction (SDME) has proved to be rapid, inexpensive, simple, precise, virtually solventless and sensitive technique for the analysis of chlorobenzenes in water samples, representing an excellent alternative to traditional and other recently introduced methods¹.

The present work investigates, for the first time, the possibility of using microwave to assist the microextraction of eight chlorobenzenes in water samples. In addition, ionic liquids will be evaluated to generate the single-drop, to produce the microextraction on headspace modality.

Experimental variables will be evaluated and optimized by means of experimental design and the optimized method will be validated with real samples.

Keywords:Chlorinated benzenes; headspace SDME; ionic liquid; microwaves; water analysis.

Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank the financial support of the Spanish Government (projects n. DPI2002-04305-C02-01, PTR1995-0581-OP-02-01, PROFIT2004-23-122 and CAL03-078-C3-2). L.V also thanks Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación of University of Alicante for her scholarship and COST (European Science Foundation, EU) for her grant.

[1]L. Vidal, A. Canals, N. Kalogerakis, E. Psilakis (2005), J. Chromatogr. A, 1089: 25-30.

• Legal notice:
  

  Copyright (c) Pielaszek Research, all rights reserved.
  The above materials, including auxiliary resources, are subject to Publisher's copyright and the Author(s) intellectual rights. Without limiting Author(s) rights under respective Copyright Transfer Agreement, no part of the above documents may be reproduced without the express written permission of Pielaszek Research, the Publisher. Express permission from the Author(s) is required to use the above materials for academic purposes, such as lectures or scientific presentations.
  In every case, proper references including Author(s) name(s) and URL of this webpage: https://science24.com/paper/7057 must be provided.

1. Impedance Methods in Electrochemistry
2. Redox Reactivity of Methylene Blue in the Pores of UMCM-1 Metal-Organic Frameworks
3. Carbon Nanoparticle Surface Modification for Sensor Development
4. Ion Association Effects in Cellulose – Poly-(Diallyldimethylammonium) Reassembled Membranes Immersed in Acetonitrile
5. Conduction in Nanoparticle Assemblies and Mesoporous Films
6. Positively Charged Surface Functionalised Carbon Nanoparticles as Binding Sites for Redox Active Species
7. Triple Phase Boundary Photo-Voltammetry: Resolving Rhodamine B Reactivity in 4-(3-Phenylpropyl)-Pyridine Microdroplets
8. Carbon Dioxide Sensing Systems Based On Processes At Triple Phase Boundary Interfaces
9. Electrochemical behaviour of carbonised cellulose nanofibril films on the ITO electrode surface
10. MoSe₂ Substrates for the Electrodeposition of CISe Semiconductor Films
11. Silver Nanoparticle Catalysed NO₃^- Reduction Characterised with a Hydrodynamic Generator-Collector SPCE System
12. Determination of Dopamine in Presence of Ascorbate in Ultrathin Carbon Nanoparticle Composite Film Electrodes
13. Driving ion transfer across the toluene (trihexyl(tetradecyl)-phosphonium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluoro-phosphate) | water (electrolyte) interface with the MnTPP(III/II) redox system
14. Electrocatalytic Sulphite Detection at a Liquid-Liquid-Solid Three-Phase Boundary Electrode Sensors
15. Electrochemical Processes at Electrodes in Microwave Fields
16. Liquid-Liquid Ion-Transfer Electrochemistry at Stationary and at Flowing Triple Phase Boundaries
17. Monitoring the oxidation of vegetable oil by ultrasound-assisted-ATR-FTIR spectroscopy
18. Microwave-Assisted Cloud Point Extraction of Rh, Pd and Pt as preconcentration procedure for ICP-MS
19. Microwaves and Ultrasound Activation in Chemical Analysis
20. Microwave-assisted Capillary Electrophoresis with Electrochemical Detection
21. Development of a hollow-fibre liquid-phase microextraction method used for monitoring the sonochemical degradation of Triclosan in water
22. Interfacing a Microchip Based Electrophoresis System with a Microwave Induced Plasma (MIP) Optical Emission Spectrometer (OES).
23. Electrochemical reactivity of proteins immobilised in mesoporous titania
24. New electrode surfaces for solid | liquid | liquid triple phase boundary electrochemistry
25. Ion transfer electrodes based on carbon nanofibers embedded in silicate film modified with room temperature ionic liquid
26. Nanoobjects embedded in silicate films for biphasic electrodes
27. Electrochemical Processes in Mesoporous TiO₂ Phytate Films